Peruvian retablos—often called retablos ayacuchanos—originate in the Andean region of Ayacucho. Their roots trace back to portable Spanish colonial altars brought by missionaries in the 16th century. Indigenous artisans adapted these devotional boxes into the Cajas de San Marcos, used in Andean rituals to protect livestock and ensure fertility. Over time, retablos evolved from strictly religious objects into vibrant narrative artworks depicting festivals, markets, historical events, and everyday rural life.

Contemporary artists such as Mabilón Jiménez continue this tradition while expanding its themes. His works often portray community celebrations, musicians, family scenes, and at times social realities, transforming each box into a detailed visual story. The figures are carefully arranged in tiers, creating depth and movement within a confined space.

Retablos are typically made from a wooden box with hinged doors. Inside, artisans model dozens of miniature figures by hand. Traditionally, the figures are crafted from a malleable paste made of boiled potato mixed with gypsum or plaster, which acts as a binder. Once shaped and dried, the figures are meticulously painted in bright acrylic or tempera colors. Decorative floral motifs and painted borders often frame the doors and edges of the box, enhancing its festive character.

What makes retablos especially compelling is their narrative richness. Each piece captures a complete world in miniature—preserving collective memory, honoring tradition, and reflecting contemporary Andean culture through craftsmanship passed down across generations.